Cephalometric Norms of Orthognathic Surgery (COGS) For Patients Visiting a Public Sector Institute of Southern Punjab

Abstract

Background: Precise cephalometric analysis is crucial for successful orthognathic surgery, yet most existing standards come from Western and regional populations. This is the first study in southern Punjab to use the COGS method to develop local cephalometric norms for adults and to assess for sexual dimorphism.

Objectives: This study aims to establish COGS-derived cephalometric norms for the southern Punjab population.

Material and Methods: We analyzed 100 standardized lateral cephalograms of adult patients (48 male, 52 female; aged 18-30 years) visiting Nishtar Institute of Dentistry, Multan. Hard tissue COGS protocol was manually traced, and measure-ments were taken. Gender differences were assessed through independent samples t-test.

Results: Clear and significant sexual dimorphism was observed. Males showed statistically greater values in key skeletal parameters, including upper anterior facial height (N-ANS), mandibular ramus length (Ar-Go), mandibular body length (Go-Pog), and chin depth (B-Pog) (p < 0.05). While maxillary length (ANS-PNS) and posterior facial height (PNS-N) were also larger in males but these differences were not statistically significant. These findings reveal distinct craniofacial char-acteristics and emphasize variations from established Western and regional norms.

Conclusion: This study is the first to establish COGS-based cephalometric standards for the southern Punjab population. It also confirms clear gender-based differences in facial structure, which are crucial for accurate diagnosis and surgical treat-ment planning.